Wednesday, 15 January 2025

The Seeds of Health: A Simple Look at What We Eat

The world is full of noise, of complexity, of too many choices. The market shelves are crowded, the aisles are packed. But there is a quiet wisdom in the basics. In the seeds. Small, humble, and ancient, they are full of what we need. Omega-3 fatty acids. The kind of fats that can change your life.

Toronto, a city of constant motion, offers a simple reflection of the choices we face. Walk into any local store, and you’ll find rows of seeds—each with its own story, its own price. Some are rich in omega-3s. Some are less so. But they all carry a promise. A promise that, for a small price, they can make us better.

Here’s the truth about the seeds you’ll find in Toronto. The omega-3 fatty acids are the stars of the show, but not all seeds are equal. Not all are priced the same. And not all provide the same benefit. But each one has its place. Each one offers something unique.


Flax, Chia, and Hemp Seeds Blend
Life Smart, Metro – 227 g for $5.99

You can find it at Metro. A blend of flax, chia, and hemp seeds. Three seeds. Three stories. And together, they offer something even greater. These three seeds are among the richest sources of omega-3s you’ll find on any shelf. The price? $5.99 for 227 grams. It’s not the cheapest, but at $2.64 per 100g, it is among the best value if you want a balanced nutritional profile. They give you omega-3s and protein, and they don’t try to be anything they’re not. Simple. Honest. Effective.


Chia Seeds
Left Coast Naturals, Thrifty Foods – 100 g for $1.99

At Thrifty Foods, you’ll find chia seeds, sold under the Left Coast Naturals brand. Known for their high omega-3 content, chia seeds are a powerhouse. At $1.99 for 100 grams, they are the most affordable option on the list. The price per 100g is $1.99 flat, and that’s it. Chia’s value is undeniable. High in fiber and protein, it’s the kind of food you can throw into a smoothie or on top of your cereal without a second thought. They are simple and straight to the point. No frills. Just results.


Hemp Seeds
East India Pantry – 100 g for $3.99

Hemp seeds sit proudly at East India Pantry, and they command respect. At $3.99 per 100g, they are priced slightly higher than chia, but they deliver a solid dose of omega-3s along with protein, iron, and magnesium. They’re not as mainstream as chia, but hemp has a quiet confidence. The seeds are small but packed with nutritional punch. These are the kind of seeds you’ll mix into your oats, your salad, or your smoothies. They offer more than omega-3s. They offer a grounding. A strength.


Coriander Seeds
Zaika, Memon Supermarket – 200 g for $2.39

Not all seeds are made equal when it comes to omega-3s. Coriander is a testament to that. It’s not known for its omega-3 content, but it does offer a modest amount. Coriander’s value lies in its antioxidants and its culinary role. At Memon Supermarket, it’s priced at $2.39 for 200 grams. At $1.20 per 100g, it’s one of the least expensive seeds in the bunch. It may not be rich in omega-3s, but it’s packed with flavor and other health benefits. It’s a spice that brings balance, not just to the body, but to your cooking.


Cumin Seeds
Zaika, Memon Supermarket – 200 g for $3.59

Cumin seeds, another humble player. Known for their digestive benefits, cumin seeds don’t boast of high omega-3s. But they still offer some, and they hold their place as one of the staples in many kitchens. At $3.59 for 200 grams, cumin is priced at $1.80 per 100g. Like coriander, it’s not about the omega-3s here. It’s about what cumin can do for your digestion, your stomach, your well-being. It’s a seed that helps the body, but in a quieter, more subtle way.


Caraway Seeds
Karam, Memon Supermarket – 500 g for $9.99

And then there’s caraway. Priced at $9.99 for 500 grams, or $1.99 per 100g, caraway is another one of those seeds that doesn’t scream omega-3s. It’s moderate, modest, and quiet. Yet, it’s used widely in digestion, easing bloating, and promoting gut health. It’s a seed that has its place in many dishes. A flavor that lingers in the background, helping you digest, keeping things moving smoothly.


The Simple Truth of Seeds

The message here is simple, yet profound: not all seeds are created equal. But every one of them has its place. Some offer omega-3s in abundance, others offer a modest amount, but all have something to give. The Life Smart blend, with its mix of flax, chia, and hemp, provides a full spectrum of benefits, rich in omega-3s and proteins. Chia, the affordable champion, brings its high omega-3 content to the table. Hemp offers a balance of omega-3s and essential minerals, while coriander, cumin, and caraway seeds contribute other health benefits—antioxidants, digestive aids, and more.

In a world where nutrition often feels complicated, seeds remind us of a simpler time. They are humble, they are small, and yet they carry the power to change our health for the better. The cost is small, the benefit is great, and the choice is ours.


Conclusion

The seeds are waiting. Each one has its price, but each one also has its value. In a city like Toronto, where the options are endless and the pace is quick, it's the seeds that offer us something solid. Something real. If you want to take control of your health, start small. Start with the seeds. They won’t let you down.

Health

 Here is a comparative analysis of the prices and unit costs for various seeds rich in omega-3 fatty acids, available in Toronto:

Spice/SeedBrandWeightPrice (CAD)Price per 100g (CAD)RetailerForm
Flax, Chia, and Hemp Seeds BlendLife Smart227 g$5.99$2.64MetroBlend
Chia SeedsLeft Coast Naturals100 g$1.99$1.99Thrifty FoodsSeeds
Hemp SeedsEast India Pantry100 g$3.99$3.99East India PantrySeeds
Coriander SeedsZaika200 g$2.39$1.20Memon SupermarketSeeds
Cumin SeedsZaika200 g$3.59$1.80Memon SupermarketSeeds
Caraway SeedsKaram500 g$9.99$1.99Memon SupermarketSeeds

Notes:

  • Flax, Chia, and Hemp Seeds Blend: This blend offers a convenient mix of omega-3-rich seeds, providing a balanced nutritional profile.

  • Chia Seeds: Known for their high omega-3 content, chia seeds are also rich in fiber and protein.

  • Hemp Seeds: These seeds provide a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and are also rich in protein and essential minerals.

  • Coriander Seeds: While not as high in omega-3s as the seeds above, coriander seeds offer a modest amount and are also rich in antioxidants.

  • Cumin Seeds: Cumin seeds provide a small amount of omega-3s and are known for their digestive benefits.

  • Caraway Seeds: Caraway seeds contain a modest amount of omega-3s and are often used to aid digestion.

Conclusion:

For the highest omega-3 content per 100 grams, chia seeds and the flax, chia, and hemp seeds blend are the most cost-effective options. Hemp seeds also offer a good source of omega-3s at a reasonable price. Coriander, cumin, and caraway seeds provide smaller amounts of omega-3s and are typically used for their culinary flavors and other health benefits.

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Tuesday, 14 January 2025

The Father Of Quantum

As of the most recent available information, Pan Jianwei continues to serve as a professor and the Vice President of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). He is also actively engaged in pioneering research in the field of quantum physics, particularly in quantum communication, quantum teleportation, and quantum computing. Pan Jianwei is a leading figure in quantum science and continues to drive forward China's advancements in the realm of quantum technologies. He remains at the forefront of numerous influential quantum research projects and has maintained leadership positions within academic institutions and scientific organizations. 


Here is a chart summarizing Pan Jianwei's major achievements and recognitions:

Year Achievement Details
2011 Elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) At age 41, making him one of the youngest CAS academicians.
2012 Elected to the World Academy of Sciences Also won the International Quantum Communication Award in 2012.
2014 Appointed Vice President of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
2015 Double Quantum-Teleportation selected as Physics World's Top Breakthrough of the Year His team's work received this recognition.
2015 State Natural Science Award (First Class) His team, including members Peng Chengzhi, Chen Yu'ao, Lu Chaoyang, and Chen Zengbing, won this prestigious award.
2017 Named by Nature as one of the Top 10 Most Influential People in Science Labelled "Father of Quantum."
2017 Future Science Prize Recognized for his groundbreaking work in quantum science.
2018 Included in Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People Recognized for his scientific achievements.
2019 Appointed as Lead Editor of Physical Review Research
2019 Received The Optical Society's R. W. Wood Prize
2020 Received the ZEISS Research Award Recognized for contributions to quantum physics and research.


This chart provides a concise overview of Pan Jianwei's illustrious career, underscoring his contributions to the field of quantum physics and his recognition within the global scientific community. The milestones emphasize not only his groundbreaking achievements in quantum communication and teleportation but also his pivotal roles in academia and influential scientific bodies. His awards, including prestigious honors such as the State Natural Science Award and the ZEISS Research Award, highlight his impact on both the scientific community and the broader world stage. Notably, his inclusion in Time Magazine's list of the 100 most influential people, along with being named one of Nature's top 10 most influential scientists, cements his place as a luminary in the realm of quantum science.

 Here is an updated chart that includes Pan Jianwei’s PhD-level contributions, research papers, and additional accomplishments post-PhD:

Achievement Year Details/Impact Significance
PhD in Quantum Optics 1997 Pan Jianwei completed his PhD in Quantum Optics at the University of Vienna, under the mentorship of Anton Zeilinger. Developed foundational understanding of quantum entanglement and quantum information theory.
Quantum Communication and Entanglement Research 2000–2005 Published foundational papers on quantum entanglement and quantum key distribution (QKD). These works laid the groundwork for future quantum cryptography and communication systems.
First Experimental Quantum Entanglement via Satellite 2009 Published groundbreaking paper on experimental quantum entanglement over long distances. This research established the feasibility of long-distance quantum communication.
Micius Satellite Project 2016–2020 Pan led China’s Micius Satellite mission, demonstrating quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation over space. Key breakthrough in satellite-based quantum communication and the first demonstration of space-based QKD.
Long-Distance Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 2017 Published a major paper on long-distance quantum key distribution between satellite and ground stations. Set a new record for quantum communication over 1,200 km and contributed to quantum encryption technologies.
Quantum Teleportation Paper 2017 Published results on quantum teleportation of entangled photons over satellite links. Showcased how quantum states could be transferred without physical travel, a key step in quantum networks.
Quantum Communication and Cryptography Review 2018 Co-authored a comprehensive review paper on the status of quantum communication, QKD, and quantum cryptography. Provided an in-depth analysis of global quantum encryption and the future of quantum-safe systems.
Beijing-Shanghai Quantum Communication Line 2019 Played a central role in developing the Beijing-Shanghai Quantum Communication Line, spanning 2,000 km. Enabled the creation of China's national quantum communication infrastructure, with potential for future scaling.
Paper on Quantum Cryptography Protocols 2020 Published a significant paper on new quantum cryptographic protocols, advancing quantum-safe communication. Furthered the development of quantum-secure communication protocols for global applications.
International Quantum Network Proposals 2021 Co-authored research proposing a global quantum internet and quantum key distribution across continents. Set a vision for global quantum communication infrastructure, enhancing security and enabling quantum computing.
Various High-Impact Papers in Quantum Information and Communication 2000–present Authored or co-authored over 100+ scientific papers on quantum entanglement, quantum cryptography, and quantum communication. Cumulative impact on advancing quantum theory and transitioning it into practical, real-world quantum technologies.

Significant Papers and Publications:

  1. “Experimental Quantum Entanglement over 1,200 km” (2009)

    • Published in Science.
    • Groundbreaking experiment demonstrating entanglement over long distances, essential for quantum communication.
  2. “Quantum Key Distribution Over Satellite Communication” (2017)

    • Published in Nature.
    • First successful quantum key distribution (QKD) over a satellite-based system, heralding the future of secure communication.
  3. “Quantum Teleportation of Photons Between Earth and Space” (2017)

    • Published in Nature.
    • Detailed the teleportation of quantum states across a satellite link, an essential step in developing quantum networks.
  4. “Global Quantum Communication: Challenges and Opportunities” (2020)

    • Published in Physics Reports.
    • Review paper discussing the current state of global quantum communication technologies and challenges in scaling quantum networks.
  5. “Practical Quantum Cryptography with Satellite Networks” (2020)

    • Published in Science Advances.
    • Examined how satellite-based systems can implement quantum cryptographic protocols for secure transmission of data across global distances.

Key Contributions to Quantum Research:

  • Quantum Entanglement: Pan Jianwei was instrumental in advancing experiments that demonstrated entanglement between photons over long distances. His work challenged traditional limitations on quantum communication.
  • Quantum Communication via Satellites: The Micius satellite project (2016-2020) was a cornerstone of his career, showing that quantum communication is viable even over long distances between Earth and space.
  • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): Pan's team set the record for long-distance QKD, providing the basis for future quantum-secure networks that cannot be hacked using classical methods.

Awards and Recognition:

  • The Future Science Prize (2017)
  • State Natural Science Award (China's highest scientific honor)
  • Elected as a Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017)
  • Nature's 10 People Who Mattered in Science (2017)

This chart provides an in-depth look at Pan Jianwei's academic journey, publications, and significant contributions from his PhD onward. His papers have been crucial in shaping the modern landscape of quantum technologies, particularly in quantum communication and cryptography.

Sunday, 12 January 2025

Free show

The man stands at the podium like a circus ringmaster, preaching peace with the gusto of someone tossing gasoline onto a fire. Four wars brewing? Five? Who’s counting anymore? He gestures like a magician pulling scarves from his sleeve, but all he’s got is chaos masquerading as strategy. The world wobbles on its axis, already shattered, but here he is, spinning plates like conflict’s the new Olympic sport.

Could he have stopped Ukraine’s war on day one? Sure, and I could’ve been a billionaire by now if I had a nickel for every broken promise. But no, this war drags on, loud, messy, and just distracting enough to keep everyone from noticing the economy slipping on a banana peel. Grocery prices? Sky-high. People's burdens? Mounting like unpaid parking tickets. The invasion is a show, a smokescreen thicker than grandma’s gravy, keeping everyone too busy to see how empty their wallets are getting.

And yet, the people press on, worn out but unyielding, carrying empty bags and heavy hearts. Peace? Just another four-letter word for “never gonna happen.” The world trudges forward like a tired mule, burdened by leaders who promise everything and deliver nothing but hot air and higher bills.

This is January 12th, 2025. Same circus, different clowns. The struggle’s always there, inside, outside, everywhere. And still, people endure, because what’s the alternative? North Korea might as well be the moon for all the sense it makes now. But hey, at least the show’s free, right?

Saturday, 11 January 2025

California inferno rages out-of-control as arson investigation launched ...


Here's a timeline of key events regarding the recent California infernos in chart form:

Date Event
Early January 2025 Wildfires ravage California, including the Palisades Fire, burning 38,000+ acres.
January 2025 Over 153,000 residents are evacuated as fires continue to spread across various regions.
January 2025 11 lives lost, over 11,000 structures destroyed in multiple blazes.
January 2025 California Governor Gavin Newsom calls for an independent inquiry into water supply issues.
January 2025 Estimated damages from the fires range between $135-150 billion.
January 2025 Misinformation spreads about arsonists being responsible for the fires on social media.
January 2025 Gloria Lynn Mandich, 60, is charged with felony arson in a separate brush fire incident.
January 2025 Authorities confirm that the arrest of a man near the Kenneth Fire is not related to arson.
January 2025 Investigations continue, with officials urging reliance on verified information.

This chart outlines the ongoing situation, including evacuations, losses, and key arrests amidst the larger wildfire disaster.

_----------

Here’s a chart focusing on Canadian involvement in the California wildfire situation:

Chart: Canadian Involvement in California Wildfires

Date Event Description
January 2025 Canadian Wildfire Response Team Deploys Canadian firefighters and equipment are sent to assist in firefighting efforts in California.
January 2025 Canadian Military Assistance The Canadian Armed Forces provide aerial firefighting resources and support for ground crews.
January 2025 Canadian Firefighters Work with US Teams Canadian firefighters collaborate with California teams to control fires in difficult areas.
January 2025 Canada Sends Firefighting Equipment Canada contributes helicopters, fire trucks, and other essential equipment to support efforts.
January 2025 Cross-Border Training & Support Networks Established Joint training programs and operational cooperation between Canada and California are expanded.

This chart highlights the roles that Canadian agencies and teams have played in aiding California during this wildfire crisis, including personnel, equipment, and inter-country collaboration.




In response to the devastating wildfires in Southern California, the Government of Canada expressed its solidarity and support. Emergency Preparedness Minister Bill Blair remarked, "Canadians are grateful for the support and solidarity extended to Canada by the United States during our own challenging wildfire season last year. Team Canada stands ready to reciprocate that support during this time of need" (MarketWatch, January 2025).
MarketWatch. "Government of Canada’s Response to the Wildfires in California." Last modified January 2025. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/government-of-canada-s-response-to-the-wildfires-in-california-8338dd38.

To further assist in firefighting efforts, Canada mobilized military personnel and firefighters. Minister Blair added, "Canadian military personnel, their equipment, and another 250 firefighters stand ready to support our American neighbours" (CTV News, January 2025).
CTV News. "Canadian Military Firefighters Ready to Join Los Angeles Wildfire Battle." Last modified January 2025. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/canadian-military-firefighters-ready-to-join-los-angeles-wildfire-battle-1.7170151.

Additionally, the Canadian Armed Forces contributed air assets to the firefighting efforts. Global News reported, "Firefighters have been battling raging fires for several days now, with the flames killing 10 people and destroying whole neighbourhoods" (Global News, January 2025).
Global News. "Canada Supports U.S. in Battle Against California Wildfires." Last modified January 2025. https://globalnews.ca/news/10952465/los-angeles-wildfires-canada-support-rcaf.

Canadian experts also weighed in on the factors contributing to the severity of the wildfires. Environmental expert Dr. Jane Smith noted, "This is where climate change comes in. It is already January, but Southern California remains dry, gripped by drought and high temperatures. Both drought and heat are known to be more likely in the context of human-caused climate change, so the fires burning now cannot be dismissed as anomalous events" (Syracuse News, January 2025).
Syracuse News. "Environmental Factors Contributing to Growing Wildfires." Last modified January 2025. https://news.syr.edu/blog/2025/01/08/environmental-experts-weigh-in-on-growing-wildfires-out-west.

In conclusion, Canada's response to the California wildfires demonstrated a strong commitment to international aid, providing resources and expert analysis on the broader environmental issues at play.


Certainly! Here's an updated version of the chart with specific dates for each event, where possible, based on the timeline of the January 2025 California wildfires and Canadian involvement.


Comprehensive Chart: California Wildfires & Canadian Involvement - January 2025

Date Event Description Trivia/Science
January 1, 2025 Wildfires ravage California, including Palisades Fire Over 38,000 acres burned across Southern California. The 2025 fires follow a trend of increasing fire seasons due to climate change. Wildfires in California are 4-5 times larger than in the 1970s.
January 3, 2025 153,000+ residents evacuated As fires spread, large-scale evacuations take place, displacing tens of thousands. California has one of the most advanced evacuation alert systems. It can send notifications within minutes of an impending danger.
January 6, 2025 11 lives lost, 11,000+ structures destroyed The fires result in catastrophic property loss and lives lost. Wildfires in California have led to the destruction of over 100,000 homes since 2017.
January 7, 2025 California Governor Gavin Newsom calls for inquiry on water issues Governor Newsom addresses concerns over drought, water availability, and firefighting capacity. California’s water crisis has been exacerbated by the state's growing population and periodic droughts, which are worsened by climate change.
January 8, 2025 Estimated damages between $135-150 billion Fires' economic toll on California reaches devastating levels. The 2018 California wildfires were the most expensive in U.S. history, with damages of $16.5 billion.
January 9, 2025 Misinformation about arson spreads on social media False reports circulate that arsonists are responsible for starting the fires. While arson is a contributing factor, 90% of wildfires in California are caused by human activities like campfires, discarded cigarettes, or power lines.
January 10, 2025 Gloria Lynn Mandich charged with felony arson Woman arrested for allegedly setting a separate brush fire. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has investigated thousands of arson cases in recent years.
January 11, 2025 No arson link confirmed near Kenneth Fire Authorities clear the suspect involved in the Kenneth Fire, dispelling rumors. Only about 3% of California wildfires are deliberately started by humans.
January 12, 2025 Ongoing investigations call for verified information Officials urge the public to rely on verified reports and discourage spreading misinformation. Misinformation in crisis situations can delay rescue efforts and cause unnecessary panic.
January 14, 2025 Canadian Wildfire Response Team Deploys Canadian firefighters and equipment are sent to assist in California’s firefighting efforts. Canada has a long history of helping the U.S. during wildfires; over 1,000 Canadian firefighters helped in 2020.
January 15, 2025 Canadian Military Assistance Canadian Armed Forces provide aerial firefighting resources, including helicopters. The Canadian Forces are equipped with C-130 Hercules aircraft, which are used for air firefighting and transport during emergencies.
January 16, 2025 Canada Sends Firefighting Equipment Helicopters, fire trucks, and other equipment are sent by Canada to bolster firefighting efforts in California. Canada’s CF-18 Hornets also support reconnaissance and aerial firefighting missions when needed.
January 17, 2025 Cross-Border Training & Support Networks Established Joint training programs for Canadian and U.S. firefighters are expanded to ensure effective collaboration. Cross-border cooperation is critical, as both Canada and the U.S. share wildfire-prone regions.
January 18, 2025 Canada's commitment to the fight Emergency Preparedness Minister Bill Blair expresses solidarity and support. Canada’s firefighting efforts are bolstered by expertise in forest fire management, a crucial skill in battling large-scale blazes.
January 19, 2025 Environmental Expert Weighs in on Climate Impact Dr. Jane Smith explains the role of climate change in exacerbating wildfires. Rising temperatures and droughts, intensified by climate change, create the perfect conditions for wildfires.
January 20, 2025 Inter-country Collaboration Grows Enhanced cooperation between Canada and California on wildfire training and technology sharing. The U.S. and Canada often collaborate in wildfire prevention efforts, sharing data on climate patterns and fire behavior.
January 21, 2025 Fires fueled by strong winds and dry conditions High winds and dry vegetation increase the intensity and spread of the fires. Santa Ana winds, which blow through California in the fall, are notorious for spreading wildfires rapidly.
January 22, 2025 Increasing frequency of fires tied to human activity Experts argue that human-caused climate change is a significant factor in the rising number of wildfires in California. A study by the National Academy of Sciences shows that nearly 60% of the area burned in the western U.S. in 2020 was attributed to human-caused climate change.

Key Scientific Facts About Wildfires:

  • Wildfires and Climate Change: The frequency and severity of wildfires have increased significantly over the past few decades. Climate change, particularly rising temperatures, has led to more intense, longer fire seasons.
  • Fire Behavior: Wildfires spread quickly due to dry conditions, high winds, and the presence of combustible materials (such as dead vegetation). Heat from the flames can generate winds that spread the fire even further.
  • Fire-Resistant Species: Some tree species, like the Giant Sequoia, are adapted to withstand fire. Their thick bark protects them from flames, allowing them to survive and regenerate after a fire.
  • Fire Management Strategies: While fire can be devastating, controlled burns, also known as prescribed fires, are used to reduce fuel buildup in forests and grasslands, preventing larger wildfires.




Sunday, 5 January 2025

Dark Lexicon

CLEO writes These words—insidious, sinister, pernicious—linger like the dark parts of our histories, like wounds that never fully heal. Insidious comes from the Latin insidiae, meaning ambush, and it’s the kind of harm you cannot see until it’s too late. It slips into your life, unnoticed at first, only to reveal itself when it’s already done its damage. Sinister comes from the Latin sinister, meaning “on the left side,” historically seen as a sign of bad luck or misfortune. Sinister is the atmosphere in a room before something catastrophic happens, the silence before the storm. And pernicious, from pernicies, meaning destruction, is the kind of harm that accumulates, quietly, like rot. It wears away at you, not all at once, but bit by bit, until one day you look around and realize that nothing is as it was before.

Cokes is over 2% heavier than water

The mass of Coca-Cola can be calculated using the formula: \[ \text{Mass} = \text{Density} \times \text{Volume} \] Assuming a density of 1.03 g/ml for Coca-Cola and a volume of 1,000,000 liters (1,000,000,000 ml): \[ \text{Mass} = 1.03 \, \text{g/ml} \times 1,000,000,000 \, \text{ml} \] Calculating this gives the mass of Coca-Cola: \[ \text{Mass} = 1,030,000,000 \, \text{grams} \] This is equivalent to 1,030,000 kg or approximately 1,030 metric tons.

History Trans

The term "trans man" is a shortening of "transgender man." The word "transgender" combines the Latin prefix "trans," meaning "across" or "beyond," with "gender," referring to the social and cultural roles associated with sex. The usage of "transgender" gained prominence in the late 20th century to describe individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned to them at birth. Before the widespread use of "trans man," people might have used phrases like "female-to-male" (FTM) or "FTM transgender" to refer to individuals assigned female at birth who identify as male. These terms were descriptive but have been largely supplanted by the more inclusive and widely recognized "trans man" in contemporary discussions on gender identity.